Lymphoid cells that express the nuclear hormone receptor RORγt are involved in containment of the large intestinal microbiota and defense against pathogens through the production of interleukin 17 (IL-17) and IL-22. They include adaptive IL-17-producing helper T cells (T_H17 cells), as well as innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) such as lymphoid tissue–inducer (LTi) cells and IL-22-producing NKp46⁺ cells. Here we show that in contrast to T_H17 cells, both types of RORγt⁺ ILCs constitutively produced most of the intestinal IL-22 and that the symbiotic microbiota repressed this function through epithelial expression of IL-25. This function was greater in the absence of adaptive immunity and was fully restored and required after epithelial damage, which demonstrates a central role for RORγt⁺ ILCs in intestinal homeostasis. Our data identify a finely tuned equilibrium among intestinal symbionts, adaptive immunity and RORγt⁺ ILCs.